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Azimuth measurements on Dutch passage mounds

On July 19 and 20, 1996 and March 23, 24 and 25, 1997, Victor Reijs and Joke Jansman have conducted azimuth measurements on most of the passage mounds (in Dutch: hunebedden) in The Netherlands. These measurements have been done with a Suunto KB-20 compass.
The difference between magnetic north and true north is on average some -0^o 52'. In the below table a more location dependent difference has been used.

The measurements are taken from the main direction of the passage mounds, which means: take the points half of the width of the eastern and western ends of the chamber and determine the line between these two. Measure from both sides the azimuth and calculate the average of the two.
The error (one sigma) is in the order of 1^o, and thus the azimuth was rounded to the nearest 5'.

The difference between azimuth direction of the north and the south wall is between 1.5^o to -8^o(Giffen [1927], page 145). It has been tried to related this to successive moonrises, but this gives azimuth difference of max. 15° at any lunar phase. So there seems to be no relation.

In the below table measurements taken by Reijs, V.M.M., Bom, F., Giffen, A.E. and González-García, A. Costa-Ferrer, L. are compared. The numbering scheme is by E.A. van Giffen.
Measurements taken at Dutch passage mounds

Place Municipal Lat. Long. Azi ^o Azi ^o Azi ^o Azi °

Mound # and/or name
^o ^o Reijs, V.M.M. Bom, F. Giffen, A.E. van González-García Costa-Ferrer

D1 Steenbergen Roden 53^o6' 6^o25' 262^o30' 269 262 259

D2 Westervelde Norg 53^o4' 6^o27' 264 265 262^o30' 264

D3 Midlaren Zuidlaren 53^o7' 6^o40' 278 272 273°30' 279

D4 Midlaren Zuidlaren 53^o7' 6^o40' 271 268 268°30' 270

D5 Zeijen Vries 54^o3' 6^o32' 288 289 289 286

D6 Tynaarlo Vries 53^o5' 6^o38' 304 300 309°30' 301

D7 Schipborg Anloo 53^o4' 6^o41' 264^o30' 267 263^o30' 261

D8 Kniphorst Anloo 53^o4' 6^o42' 253 252 251°30' 253

D9 Noordloo Anloo 53^o4' 6^o43' 272 272 272°30' 265

D10 Gasteren Anloo 53^o2' 6^o39' 284 280 281 284

D11 Anloo Anloo 53^o1' 6^o42' 295^o45' 293 293 292

D12 Eexteresch Anloo 53^o1' 6^o43' 325^o15' 335 335°30' 326

D13 Eext Anloo 53^o1' 6^o44' 250^o45' 245 244°30' 249

D14 Gieten Anloo 53^o2' 6^o43' 279^o45' 276 276°30' 279

D15 Loon Assen 53^o1' 6^o37' 293^o45' 291 290°30' 292

D16 Balloo Rolde 53^o0' 6^o37' 266^o45' 267 263°30' 262

D17 Rolde Rolde 52^o59' 6^o39' 265^o45' 266 262°30' 267+

D18 Rolde Rolde 52^o59' 6^o39' 287^o45' 285 285°30' 288+

D19 Drouwen Borger 52^o57' 6^o47' 299^o15' 297 296°30' 299

D20 Drouwen Borger 52^o57' 6^o47' 277^o15' 276 275°30' 276

D21 De tweeling van de Bronneger Borger 52^o57' 6^o48' 220^o45' 219 218°30' 226

D22 De tweeling van de Bronneger Borger 52^o57' 6^o48' * 247 246°30' 253°30'

D23 De drieling van de Bronneger Borger 52^o57' 6^o48' 252^o45' 257 256°30' 275°30'+

D24 De drieling van de Bronneger Borger 52^o57' 6^o48' * 248 247°30' 269°30'+

D25 De drieling van de Bronneger Borger 52^o57' 6^o48' 274^o45' 270 271 252°30'+

D26 Drouwenerveld Borger 52^o57' 6^o46' 247^o45' 246 246 246

D27 Het grote van Borger Borger 52^o56' 6^o48' 288^o15' 284 284 289°30'

D28 Buinen Borger 52^o56' 6^o49' 282^o15' 283 279°30' 279

D29 Buinen Borger 52^o56' 6^o49' 255^o15' 256 253 251

D30 Exloo-noord Odoorn 52^o54' 6^o51' 348^o55' 347 347 350°30'

D31 Exloo-zuid Odoorn 52^o52' 6^o52' ** 288 ~290°30' 299

D32 Odoorn Odoorn 52^o52' 6^o50' 251^o25' 250 249 248

D34 Valtherveld Odoorn 52^o50' 6^o52' 320^o25' 318 317°30' 318°30'

D35 Valtherbos Odoorn 52^o50' 6^o52' 273^o25' 270 271 269°30'

D36 Valthe Odoorn 52^o50' 6^o54' 288^o55' 283 282°30' 284°30'

D37 Valthe Odoorn 52^o50' 6^o54' 285^o25' 280 280 279

D38 Emmerveld Emmen 52^o49' 6^o53' 227^o15' 224 223°30' 224

D39 Emmerveld Emmen 52^o49' 6^o53' 204^o45' 205 205 205

D40 Emmerveld Emmen 52^o49' 6^o53' 174^o15' 193*** 340°30' 343°30'

D41 Emmer-noord Emmen 52^o48' 6^o53' 258^o15' 252 252 252°30'

D42 Westenesch-noord Emmen 52^o48' 6^o52' 311^o15' 305 306°30' 309°30'

D43 Schimmeresch Emmen 52^o47' 6^o52' 199^o15' 195 195 197°30'

D44 Westenesch Emmen 52^o47' 6^o52' * 213 * *

D45 Emmerdennen Emmen 52^o48' 6^o55' 262^o45' 258 257°30' 254°30'

D46 Angelsloo Emmen 52^o47' 6^o56' ** 276 275°30' 276

D47 Angelsloo Emmen 52^o47' 6^o56' 342^o15' 359 338°30' 339°30'

D48 Steen van Noord-Barge Emmen 52^o46' 6^o52' * * * *

D49 Schoonoord/De papeloze kerk Sleen 52^o49' 6^o45' 302^o15' 299 298°30' 297

D50 Noord-Sleen Sleen 52^o47' 6^o48' 271^o15' 269 268 267°30'

D51 Noord-Sleen Sleen 52^o47' 6^o48' 246^o45' 254 254 252°30'

D52 Diever Diever 52^o52' 6^o20' 238^o55' 241 240°30' 235

D53 Havelte Havelte 52^o48' 6^o13' ** 253 253 254

D54 Havelte Havelte 52^o48' 6^o13' ** 290 289°30' 292

G1 Noordlaren Haren 53^o7' 6^o40' 303 299 298°30' 300

Remarks:

Measurements taken at Dutch passage mounds
	Place	Municipal	Lat.	Long.	Azi ^o	Azi ^o	Azi ^o	Azi °
Mound #	and/or name		^o	^o	Reijs, V.M.M.	Bom, F.	Giffen, A.E. van	González-García Costa-Ferrer
D1	Steenbergen	Roden	53^o6'	6^o25'	262^o30'	269	262	259
D2	Westervelde	Norg	53^o4'	6^o27'	264	265	262^o30'	264
D3	Midlaren	Zuidlaren	53^o7'	6^o40'	278	272	273°30'	279
D4	Midlaren	Zuidlaren	53^o7'	6^o40'	271	268	268°30'	270
D5	Zeijen	Vries	54^o3'	6^o32'	288	289	289	286
D6	Tynaarlo	Vries	53^o5'	6^o38'	304	300	309°30'	301
D7	Schipborg	Anloo	53^o4'	6^o41'	264^o30'	267	263^o30'	261
D8	Kniphorst	Anloo	53^o4'	6^o42'	253	252	251°30'	253
D9	Noordloo	Anloo	53^o4'	6^o43'	272	272	272°30'	265
D10	Gasteren	Anloo	53^o2'	6^o39'	284	280	281	284
D11	Anloo	Anloo	53^o1'	6^o42'	295^o45'	293	293	292
D12	Eexteresch	Anloo	53^o1'	6^o43'	325^o15'	335	335°30'	326
D13	Eext	Anloo	53^o1'	6^o44'	250^o45'	245	244°30'	249
D14	Gieten	Anloo	53^o2'	6^o43'	279^o45'	276	276°30'	279
D15	Loon	Assen	53^o1'	6^o37'	293^o45'	291	290°30'	292
D16	Balloo	Rolde	53^o0'	6^o37'	266^o45'	267	263°30'	262
D17	Rolde	Rolde	52^o59'	6^o39'	265^o45'	266	262°30'	267+
D18	Rolde	Rolde	52^o59'	6^o39'	287^o45'	285	285°30'	288+
D19	Drouwen	Borger	52^o57'	6^o47'	299^o15'	297	296°30'	299
D20	Drouwen	Borger	52^o57'	6^o47'	277^o15'	276	275°30'	276
D21	De tweeling van de Bronneger	Borger	52^o57'	6^o48'	220^o45'	219	218°30'	226
D22	De tweeling van de Bronneger	Borger	52^o57'	6^o48'	*	247	246°30'	253°30'
D23	De drieling van de Bronneger	Borger	52^o57'	6^o48'	252^o45'	257	256°30'	275°30'+
D24	De drieling van de Bronneger	Borger	52^o57'	6^o48'	*	248	247°30'	269°30'+
D25	De drieling van de Bronneger	Borger	52^o57'	6^o48'	274^o45'	270	271	252°30'+
D26	Drouwenerveld	Borger	52^o57'	6^o46'	247^o45'	246	246	246
D27	Het grote van Borger	Borger	52^o56'	6^o48'	288^o15'	284	284	289°30'
D28	Buinen	Borger	52^o56'	6^o49'	282^o15'	283	279°30'	279
D29	Buinen	Borger	52^o56'	6^o49'	255^o15'	256	253	251
D30	Exloo-noord	Odoorn	52^o54'	6^o51'	348^o55'	347	347	350°30'
D31	Exloo-zuid	Odoorn	52^o52'	6^o52'	**	288	~290°30'	299
D32	Odoorn	Odoorn	52^o52'	6^o50'	251^o25'	250	249	248
D34	Valtherveld	Odoorn	52^o50'	6^o52'	320^o25'	318	317°30'	318°30'
D35	Valtherbos	Odoorn	52^o50'	6^o52'	273^o25'	270	271	269°30'
D36	Valthe	Odoorn	52^o50'	6^o54'	288^o55'	283	282°30'	284°30'
D37	Valthe	Odoorn	52^o50'	6^o54'	285^o25'	280	280	279
D38	Emmerveld	Emmen	52^o49'	6^o53'	227^o15'	224	223°30'	224
D39	Emmerveld	Emmen	52^o49'	6^o53'	204^o45'	205	205	205
D40	Emmerveld	Emmen	52^o49'	6^o53'	174^o15'	193***	340°30'	343°30'
D41	Emmer-noord	Emmen	52^o48'	6^o53'	258^o15'	252	252	252°30'
D42	Westenesch-noord	Emmen	52^o48'	6^o52'	311^o15'	305	306°30'	309°30'
D43	Schimmeresch	Emmen	52^o47'	6^o52'	199^o15'	195	195	197°30'
D44	Westenesch	Emmen	52^o47'	6^o52'	*	213	*	*
D45	Emmerdennen	Emmen	52^o48'	6^o55'	262^o45'	258	257°30'	254°30'
D46	Angelsloo	Emmen	52^o47'	6^o56'	**	276	275°30'	276
D47	Angelsloo	Emmen	52^o47'	6^o56'	342^o15'	359	338°30'	339°30'
D48	Steen van Noord-Barge	Emmen	52^o46'	6^o52'	*	*	*	*
D49	Schoonoord/De papeloze kerk	Sleen	52^o49'	6^o45'	302^o15'	299	298°30'	297
D50	Noord-Sleen	Sleen	52^o47'	6^o48'	271^o15'	269	268	267°30'
D51	Noord-Sleen	Sleen	52^o47'	6^o48'	246^o45'	254	254	252°30'
D52	Diever	Diever	52^o52'	6^o20'	238^o55'	241	240°30'	235
D53	Havelte	Havelte	52^o48'	6^o13'	**	253	253	254
D54	Havelte	Havelte	52^o48'	6^o13'	**	290	289°30'	292
G1	Noordlaren	Haren	53^o7'	6^o40'	303	299	298°30'	300

Bom, F.

There seems to be a systematic difference between the measurements of Reijs and Bom. On average the Reijs measurements are 1^o higher than the Bom measurements. Many times the Bom measurements are very close to the van Giffen measurments (within +/- 30').

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